目前所知最早的塔罗牌是起源于北意大利,时间是15世纪中期。不久之后它被称为塔罗奇游戏(the game of Tarocchi)。这个纸牌游戏发展成一种纸牌占卜,并且在19世纪成为了由“艾特拉”(Etteilla)所开始的神秘学研究的对象。
塔罗牌内容
传统上塔罗牌有78张牌,由两种不同的牌组所组成。第一种称为大阿尔克那(the Major Arcana),由22张没有花色的牌所组成,相当于所谓的“王牌”。第二种称为小阿尔克那(the Minor Arcana),由56张牌所组成,而这56张牌又可以分成4种花色。每种花色有数字2到数字10的牌,加上一张Ace和四张人头牌。阿尔克那arcana是拉丁文arcanum的复数,意思为“隐藏的真理”或“秘密的知识”。其他的称呼有大塔罗/小塔罗、大奥秘/小奥秘、主牌/副牌、大牌/小牌、Minor Trumps/Major Trumps等等。小阿尔克那的传统意大利式牌组为剑、权杖、金币和杯,不过权杖在现代有时候会称作木棒,而金币有时候会称作五芒星或disc。
这种原型理论引发了很多种心理学方面的用途。一些心理学家让病人选择一张适合他的塔罗牌来识别一位病人是如何看待他自己的。有些心理学家试图利用塔罗牌图像使病人通过想像他的境遇或关系来认清他的想法:是像“宝剑骑士( the Knight of Swords)”那样急性冲动呢?还是像在RWS( the Rider-Waite-Smith)系列牌中“宝剑二(Two of Swords)”那样盲目、逃避?塔罗牌可被视为潜意识的一种代数,遵循它就可以在意识层面进行分析。
参考资料
The Game of Tarot by Michael Dummett ISBN 0-71-561014-7 - a history of the Tarot, and a compilation of Tarot card games. (out of print)
A Wicked Pack of Cards: The Origins of the Occult Tarot by Ronald Decker, Thierry de Paulis, and Michael Dummett ISBN 0-312-16294-4 - a history of the French origin of the occult Tarot, focusing on Etteilla, Le Normand, and Lévi.
A History of the Occult Tarot by Ronald Decker and Michael Dummett, ISBN 0-7156-3122-5, continuing the story of the occult Tarot through the Golden Dawn tradition and its reception in the English-speaking world.
Seventy-Eight Degrees of Wisdom by Rachel Pollack - comprehensive, covering and the minor as well as the major arcana; and taking several angles on the Tarot.
Complete Guide to the Tarot by Eden Grey - concentrates on classical divination, but has some information on the more spiritual aspects.
Qabalistic Tarot by Robert Wang - a comprehensive and highly regarded, but frequently challenging, reference to the esoteric aspects of Tarot.
The Encyclopedia of Tarot, Stuart Kaplan, 3 vols - repertory of illustrations and history..作者: 竹笋 时间: 2006-3-12 14:13