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发表于 2007-12-4 11:46
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LZ电脑基础知识真差……
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作者:佚名 转贴自:本站原创 点击数:11278 更新时间:2004-8-10 文章录入:dfwjyl
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<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011>许多科学家认为以半导体材料为基础的集成技术日益走向它的物理极限,要解决这个矛盾,必须开发新的材料,采用新的技术。于是人们努力探索新的计算材料和计算技术,致力于研制新一代的计算机,如生物计算机、光计算机和量子计算机等。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011> 自从1946年世界上第一台电子计算机诞生以来,电子计算机已经走过了半个多世纪的历程。从第一代电子管计算机到现在正在开发的第六代神经网络计算机,计算机的体积不断变小,但性能、速度却在不断提高。然而,人类的追求是无止境的,科学家们一刻也没有停止研究更好、更快、功能更强的计算机。从目前的研究方向看,未来电脑将向着以下几个方面发展。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><FONT color=#030011><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue">趋势<SPAN lang=EN-US>1:高速电脑浮出水面</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><FONT color=#030011><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"> 美国最近发明了一种利用空气的绝缘性能来成倍地提高计算机运行速度的新技术。美国纽约伦斯雷尔·保利技术公司的科学家已经生产出一套新型电脑微电路,该电路的芯片或晶体管之间由胶滞体包裹的导线连接,这种胶滞体90%的物质是空气,而空气是不导电的,是一种非常优良的绝缘体。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011> 研究表明,计算机运行速度的快慢与芯片之间信号传输的速度直接相关,然而, 目前普遍使用的硅二氧化物在传输信号的过程中会吸收掉一部分信号,从而延长了信息传输的时间。保利技术公司研制的“空气胶滞体”导线几乎不吸收任何信号,因而能够更迅速地传输各种信息。此外,它还可以降低电耗,而且不需要对计算机的芯片进行任何改造,只需换上“空气胶滞体”导线,就可以成倍地提高计算机的运行速度。<BR>不过,这种“空气胶滞体”导线也有不足之处,主要是其散热效果较差, 不能及时将计算机中电路产生的热量散发出去。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><FONT color=#030011><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"> <FONT color=#000000>为了解决这个问题,保利技术公司的科研小组研究出电脑芯片冷却技术,它在电脑电路里内置了许多装着液体的微型小管,用来吸收电路散发出的热量。当电路发热时,热量将微型管内的液体汽化,当这些汽化物扩散到管子的另一端之后,又重新凝结,流到管子底部。据悉,美国宇航局(NASA)将对该项技术进行太空失重状态下的实验,如果实验成功,这种新技术将被广泛应用于未来计算机,使计算机的运算速度得以大大提高。</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000 size=3> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><FONT color=#030011><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#000000> 不久前,美国IBM公司为美国国家超级计算应用中心制造了两台IBM Linux集群计算机,每秒钟可执行2万亿次浮点运算,是迄今为止运算速度最快的Linux超级计算机。这种超级计算机将用于某些基础研究,例如研究爱因斯坦在其著名的《相对论》中谈到的重力波动现象。自1997年IBM “深蓝”计算机因战胜国际象棋世界冠军卡斯帕罗夫而名声大噪以来,IBM性能强大的超级计算机便开始为世人所瞩目,而运算性能更出色的“更深的蓝”和ASCIWhite也相继问世。 </FONT> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011> 关于计算机的运行速度,前几年人们曾经有过争论。有人认为,Internet用户数量的爆炸式增长将使原先以本地应用为主的PC退化为Internet接入设备,沦落为Internet的附属品,因而对计算机处理器速度的要求将不再强烈。然而,事实恰恰相反,由于Internet向着高速、宽带的方向发展,使多媒体逐渐成为最激动人心的应用,这就要求PC的功能和速度有更快的提升。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#0000ff>趋势<SPAN lang=EN-US>2:生物计算机兴起</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#0000ff> 生物计算机在20世纪80年代中期开始研制,其最大的特点是采用了生物芯片,它由生物工程技术产生的蛋白质分子构成。在这种芯片中,信息以波的形式传播,运算速度比当今最新一代计算机快10万倍,能量消耗仅相当于普通计算机的十分之一,并且拥有巨大的存储能力。由于蛋白质分子能够自我组合,再生新的微型电路,使得生物计算机具有生物体的一些特点,如能发挥生物本身的调节机能自动修复芯片发生的故障,还能模仿人脑的思考机制。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011> 国首次公诸于世的生物计算机被用来模拟电子计算机的逻辑运算,解决虚构的7城市间最佳路径问题。不久前,200多名各国计算机学者齐聚美国普林斯顿大学,联名呼吁向生物计算机领域进军。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011> 科学家们在生物计算机研究领域已经有了新的进展,预计在不久的将来,就能制造出分子元件,即通过在分子水平上的物理化学作用对信息进行检测、处理、传输和存储。目前,科学家们已经在超微技术领域取得了某些突破,制造出了微型机器人。科学家们的长远目标是让这种微型机器人成为一部微小的生物计算机,它们不仅小巧玲珑,而且可以像微生物那样自我复制和繁殖,可以钻进人体里杀死病毒,修复血管、心脏、肾脏等内部器官的损伤,或者使引起癌变的DNA突变发生逆转, 从而使人们延年益寿。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#3809f7>趋势<SPAN lang=EN-US>3:光学计算机前景光明</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#3809f7> 所谓光学计算机,就是利用光作为信息的传输媒体。与电子相比,光子具有许多独特的优点:它的速度永远等于光速、具有电子所不具备的频率及偏振特征,从而大大提高了传载信息的能力。此外,光信号传输根本不需要导线,即使在光线交会时也不会互相干扰、互相影响。一块直径仅2厘米的光棱镜可通过的信息比特率可以超过全世界现有全部电缆总和的300多倍。光学计算机的智能水平也将远远超过电子计算机的智能水平,是人们梦寐以求的理想计算机。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011> 20世纪90年代中期,光脑的研究成果像雨后春笋般地不断涌现,各国科研机构、大学都投入了大量的人力物力从事此项技术的研究,其中最显著的研究成果是由法国、德国、 英国、意大利等国60多名科学家联合研发成功的世界上第一台光脑。该台光脑的运算速度比目前速度最快的超级计算机快1000多倍,并且准确性极高。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#030011> 此外,光脑的并行处理能力非常强,具有超高速的运算速度,在这方面电脑真是望尘莫及。在工作环境要求方面,超高速的电脑只能在低温条件下工作,而光脑在室温下就能正常工作。另外,光脑的信息存储量大,抗干扰能力非常强,在任何恶劣环境条件下都可以开展工作。光脑还具有与人脑相似的容错性,如果系统中某一元件遭到损坏或运算出现局部错误时,并不影响最终的计算结果。目前光脑的许多关键技术,如光存储技术、光存储器、光电子集成电路 (OIC)等都已取得重大突破。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#3809f7>趋势<SPAN lang=EN-US>4:量子计算机呼之欲出</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=generictext style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT color=#3809f7> 在人类刚进入21世纪之际,量子力学花开二度,科学家们根据量子力学理论,在研制量子计算机的道路上取得了新的突破。美国科学家宣布,他们已经成功地实现了4量子位逻辑门,取得了4个锂离子的量子缠结状态。这一成果意味着量子计算机如同含苞欲放的蓓蕾,必将开出绚丽的花朵。</FONT></SPAN></P>
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